An Introduction to Military Quantum Technology for Policymakers

Quantum technology, based on quantum mechanics, is undergoing a ‘second quantum revolution’ that focuses on controlling individual particles to unlock disruptive applications in computing, communications and sensing. These advances promise major military and security benefits—such as ultra-secure communications, enhanced battlefield sensing and optimized logistics—but they also carry risks if adversaries gain a technological edge.

Governments worldwide are heavily investing in quantum research and development, reflecting its dual civilian and military nature. However, current systems remain error-prone and limited in scalability, while there are concerns over potential misuse. Moreover, key gaps persist in understanding how quantum tools might reshape arms control verification and international security.

Given the rapid pace of development, proactive policymaking and appropriate oversight measures are essential to harness quantum technology’s benefits while mitigating its risks.